Scientists develop micro-robots that can flow like a fluid or collectively assemble into solid shapes

Feb 27, 2025

Scientists at UCSB design micro-robots that mimic biological processes to switch from fluid-like to solid shapes for advanced robotics.

Scientists develop micro-robots that can flow like a fluid or collectively assemble into solid shapes

: UCSB researchers developed micro-robots capable of transitioning from a fluid-like state to solid shapes, inspired by natural processes. The project is based on concepts mirroring biological morphogenesis, which allows cells to shape-shift. Robotic units were equipped with magnets and motorized gears, enabling collective assembly. The team's future goal involves miniaturizing these robots and using machine learning to enhance precision in forming desired shapes.

Researchers from the University of California, Santa Barbara have created micro-robots that can transition between states similar to fluid and solid, inspired by natural processes. These robots are designed to function collectively, allowing them to construct various shapes and tools by mimicking the biological processes of interunit force, polarization, and adhesion.

The study, published in Science, draws parallels from science fiction ideas like Terminator’s T-1000 and relies on insights from embryonic morphogenesis, where cells exhibit shape-changing capabilities. The UCSB scientists developed robotic units using magnets and eight motorized gears facilitating coordinated movement and assembly based on rotational states.

With the initial experiment involving 20 relatively large robotic units, the researchers aim to further reduce the size and increase collective numbers. By incorporating machine learning, thousands of these micro-robots could achieve precise shape assembly, paving the way for advanced applications in the field of robotics.